UXL Junior Worldmark 1.0 Copyright (c) 1997, UXL THE NORTHWEST TERRITORIES ----------------------------------------------------------
Region(s): Northern Canada
Origin of name: The name "the North-Western Territories," initially assigned by the British government, once referred to all the lands held by the Hudson's Bay Company.
Capital: Yellowknife.
Nickname: Canada's Last Frontier, Land of the Polar Bear, or North of Sixty.
Entered Confederation: 15 July 1870; reorganized into current form 1 September 1905.
Motto: The New North (unofficial).
Coat of Arms: The crest consists of two golden narwhals (representing marine life) on either side of a compass rose, which symbolizes the magnetic north pole. The white upper portion of the shield represents the polar ice pack and is crossed by a wavy blue band symbolic of the Northwest Passage. The wavy diagonal line symbolizing the treeline separates the red (the tundra of the north) from the green (the forested lands of the south). The historical economic resources of the land--mineral wealth and the fur industry--are represented respectively by gold bricks in the green portion and the head of a white fox in the red area.
Flag: The territorial shield of arms centered on a white field, with two vertical blue panels on either side. The white symbolizes the snow and ice of the winter, while the blue represents the territory's lakes and waters.
Floral Emblem: Mountain avens.
Tartan: The official tartan of the Northwest Territories is a registered design in shades of red, green, yellow, and blue.
Territorial Bird: Gyrfalcon.
Tree: Jack pine.
Mineral: Gold.
Time: 8 AM AST = noon GMT; 7 AM EST = noon GMT; 6 AM CST = noon GMT; 5 AM MST = noon GMT.
1 LOCATION AND SIZE At some time in its history, the Northwest Territories (NWT) has included all of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and the Yukon, and most of Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec. Today, the Northwest Territories remains the largest political subdivision in Canada, with 34.1 percent of the total area of the country. The NWT has a total area of 1,304,903 square miles (3,376,689 square kilometers), larger than the combined area of the states of Texas, Alaska, California, and New Mexico.
The Northwest Territories includes all of Canada north of the 60th parallel, except the Yukon and portions of Quebec and Newfoundland. The NWT is bordered on the northwest and north by the Arctic Ocean and polar ice; on the northeast and east by Baffin Bay and Davis Strait; on the southeast by Hudson Strait and Hudson Bay; on the south by Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia; and on the west by the Yukon Territory. From the 60th parallel, the NWT stretches 2,212 miles (3,560 kilometers) to the North Pole; the territory is 2,645 miles (4,256 kilometers) long from east to west. The NWT covers 1,322,902 square miles (3,426,320 square kilometers) and includes the islands in Hudson, James, and Ungava Bays. Across the Kennedy Channel in the far northeast, Greenland lies less than 25 miles (40 kilometers) from the NWT's Ellesmere Island.
2 TOPOGRAPHY Like the Yukon, the NWT can be divided into two broad geographical regions: the taiga (a boreal forest belt that circles the subarctic zone and is typified by stands of pine, aspen, poplar, and birch trees), and the tundra (a rocky arctic region where the cold climate has stunted vegetation). One of the most remarkable features of the NWT is the Mackenzie River, one of the world's longest at 2,635 miles (4,241 kilometers).
3 CLIMATE There are two major climate zones in the NWT: subarctic and arctic. In the subarctic zone, average temperatures in January are -9 degrees F (-23 degrees C) and 70 degrees F (21 degrees C) in July, while average temperatures in the arctic zone range from -27 degrees F (-33 degrees C) in January to 50 degrees F (10 degrees C) in July. The average temperatures in Yellowknife are 8 degrees F (-22 degrees C) from November to March and 57 degrees F (14 degrees C) from June to August. As in the Yukon, the varying amounts of daylight over the year are an important influence on the climate: between 20 and 24 hours of daylight in June and up to 24 hours of darkness in December. The highest recorded temperature was 110 degrees F (43 degrees C) in 1991 at Coppermine and the lowest was -79.1 degrees F (-61.7 degrees C) at Fort Good Hope on 31 December 1910.
4 PLANTS AND ANIMALS A short but intense summer produces many small but brilliant flowers, including purple mountain saxifrage and fireweed. The animal population in the NWT includes mammals such as the moose, musk ox, wolverine, black and brown bear, grizzly bear, polar bear, walrus, Dall's sheep, mountain goat, wood bison, caribou, wolf, and snowshoe hare. Bird species include grouse, ptarmigan, phalarope, Pacific loon, and peregrine falcon. Fish include lake trout, arctic grayling, arctic char, walleye, whitefish, and northern pike.
5 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION The NWT has 62 active solid waste disposal sites and about 500 abandoned sites. Annual generation of solid wastes is about 220,400 tons (200,000 metric tons) or 3.9 tons (3.5 metric tons) per person. There are also 20 hazardous waste sites. Releases of air pollution annually amount to 57,304 tons (52,000 metric tons) of smog-causing gases and 17,632 tons (16,000 metric tons) of gases that create acid rain. The Arctic Environmental Strategy introduced by the federal government in 1991 as part of its Green Plan involves northerners in projects to protect the arctic environment. It also supports communities in the development of their own plans to deal with environmental issues. About 3.5 percent of the territorial budget is spent on maintaining environmental and natural resources.
6 POPULATION According to the 1991 census, the NWT had a population of 57,649; in 1994, the population was estimated at 64,000. Yellowknife, the capital, had a population of more than 15,000 in 1994. Other urban areas, and their 1991 populations include Iqaluit, 3,552; Hay River, 3,206; and Fort Smith, 2,480.
7 ETHNIC GROUPS The NWT is the only place in Canada where most of the population (54.1 percent) are Aboriginals (Native Peoples); they live mostly in small communities. The largest Aboriginal group is the Inuit, which means "the preeminent people" in Inuktitut. In the western Arctic, the Dene have inhabited the forests and barrens for the past 2,500 years. Once nomads, today they live in communities, many still using traditional skills of hunting, trapping, and fishing. There are four major Dene cultural groups: Chipewyan, Dogrib, Slavey (north and south) and Gwich'in (Loucheux). The Inuvialuit reside primarily around the Mackenzie River delta. The Metis are descendants of Dene and ethnic European parentage and comprise 7.1 percent of the territory's population. Other ethnicities found in the NWT include French, Scotch-Irish, and Pakistani.
8 LANGUAGES The NWT has nine official languages, but English is the language used most often for business and commerce. In 1991, only 55.1 percent of the territory's residents claimed English as their native language (the lowest proportion in Canada after Quebec), while 2.5 percent declared French as their mother tongue and 42.4 percent had other first languages (predominantly Inuktitut and Dene dialects). Inuit communities are often a mixture of people from different cultural and linguistic areas, but most have characteristic dialects. In general, the Inuit language is an active language, and most Inuit children learn Inuktitut as their mother tongue. The Dene have four linguistic groups: Chipewyan, Dogrib, Slavey (north and south) and Gwich'in (Loucheux).
9 RELIGIONS In 1991, 50 percent of the population--about 28,800 people--was Protestant, including 18,450 Anglicans, 3,300 members of the United Church of Canada, 2,250 Pentecostals, 700 Baptists, 700 Lutherans, and less than 50 Presbyterians. The territory also had about 22,000 Catholics and almost 200 people of Eastern Orthodox faith. There were less than 100 people each of the following: Jews, Moslems, Buddhists, Sikhs, and Hindus. About 6,150 people had no religious affiliation in 1991.
10 TRANSPORTATION Territorial highways are mostly all-weather gravel roads, with some paved sections; clouds of dust, flying gravel, soft spots, and long distances between service stations are common. In the north, the Dempster Highway (#8) connects Inuvik, on the Mackenzie River delta, with Dawson, Yukon, across the Richardson Mountains. In the south, the Mackenzie Highway (#1) provides access to Alberta via connecting roads leading from Yellowknife (#3), Hay River (#2), Fort Resolution (#6), and Fort Smith (#5). The Liard Highway (#7) provides entry to British Columbia. The Canol Road (#9) and the Nahanni Range Road also provide access from the Yukon, but terminate just inside the NWT border.
Ferry service is provided in the summer for Highways 1, 3, and 8, which cross major rivers; in the winter, motorists simply drive over the frozen rivers. During the freezing months of fall and thawing months of spring, however, crossings by vehicles are not possible.
Air Canada provides service to Yellowknife from Edmonton, Alberta. First Air, based in Iqaluit (Frobisher Bay), provides jet service to more than a dozen locations throughout the northern archipelago (group of islands), as well as Ottawa, Montreal, and Nuuk, Greenland. Air Inuit flies from Cape Dorset to points along the northwestern coast of Quebec.
11 HISTORY The ancestors of the Dene Indian people lived along the Mackenzie Valley in the Northwest Territories 10,000 years ago. The first Inuit are believed to have crossed the Bering Strait about 5,000 years ago, spreading east along the Arctic coast.
European Exploration and Settlement
The first European explorers were the Vikings, who sailed to the eastern Arctic about AD 1000. But the Englishman Martin Frobisher's expeditions in the 1570s were the first recorded visits to the Northwest Territories by an explorer. In 1610, Henry Hudson (another English explorer), while looking for a passage to Asia, landed briefly on the western shore of the bay that now bears his name. His discovery opened the door for further exploration of the interior of the continent.
With the arrival of the fur traders in the late 1700s and the whalers in the 1800s, life began to change substantially. The Europeans reshaped the North, bringing with them a new economy and way of life. Communities grew around trading posts, mission schools, and Royal Canadian Mounted Police stations with the arrival of fur traders, missionaries, and government officials.
In 1870, the British government transferred control of the North-Western Territories to Canada. Ten years later the British government annexed the islands of the arctic archipelago (large group of islands), which also became part of the Territories. In 1905, both Alberta and Saskatchewan were created from the Territories. Finally, in 1912, the provinces of Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec were enlarged and the Northwest Territories assumed its current boundaries.
Early 20th Century
During World War I (1914-18), Canada lost more than 68,000 soldiers. Returning veterans faced a bleak future of scarce low-paying jobs, while tariffs on imports kept prices for consumer goods high. During the 1920s, however, Canada experienced a period of rapid growth in industry. Transportation improvements--railways and roads--enabled businesses to flourish. Automobiles, telephones, electrical appliances, and other consumer goods became more widely available.
Just as in the United States, all of Canada suffered during the Great Depression. In addition to the problems with grain prices during the early 1920s, droughts and frequent crop failures devastated the national economy, which still relied heavily on agriculture. Social welfare programs rapidly expanded during the 1930s, with much of the burden placed on the provincial and municipal governments.
1940-1960s
By World War II (1939-45), mineral exploration and the military were playing a role in northern development, prompting a more active interest in the NWT by the rest of Canada. Following World War II, consumer spending and immigration to Canada rapidly increased. Urbanization spread quickly by means of the National Housing Act, which made home ownership more easily available. Unemployment insurance and other social welfare programs were also created following the war. Under the leadership of Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent, old age pensions were increased in 1951 and a national hospital insurance plan was introduced in 1957.
During the 1950s and 1960s, the monitoring of northern Canadian airspace served a vital role in the defense of North America against a possible nuclear attack from the Soviet Union. But when ballistic missiles (which are launched in an arc toward their targets from great distances) replaced bombers as the means of delivering nuclear warheads, this strategy became obsolete.
Aboriginal Land Claims (1970s-1990s)
As in the Yukon, the issue of settling Aboriginal land claims in the NWT emerged in the 1970s. In 1984, a final agreement was reached with the Inuvialuit of the western Arctic. The agreement provided some 2,500 people with 35,100 square miles (91,000 square kilometers) of land, financial compensation, social development funding, hunting rights, and a greater role in wildlife management, conservation, and environmental protection.
In 1992, the Gwich'in settled a comprehensive land claim that provided 8,657 square miles (22,422 square kilometers) of land in the northwestern portion of the NWT and 600 square miles (1,554 square kilometers) of land in the Yukon. The Gwich'in also received subsurface rights; a share in the resource royalties derived from the Mackenzie River Valley; tax-free capital transfers; hunting rights; a greater role in the management of wildlife, land, and the environment; and the right of first refusal on a variety of activities related to wildlife.
In 1993, a final agreement was reached with the Tungavik Federation of Nunavut--the largest comprehensive land claim to be settled in Canada. The agreement will provide some 17,500 Inuit of the eastern Arctic with 135,000 square miles (350,000 square kilometers) of land, financial compensation, the right to share in resource royalties, hunting rights, and a greater role in the management of land and the environment. The final agreement also commits the federal government to a process that will divide the NWT and create the new territory of Nunavut ("our land"), which is scheduled to come into formal existence in 1999.
12 PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT In both the NWT and the Yukon, political power rests with elected representatives. Although a federally appointed commissioner is technically in charge of the territorial administration, the role of that office has diminished, and it generally follows the lead of the elected territorial government. Executive power is held by a 24-seat elected assembly, whose members remain as political independents. This assembly then appoints an 8-person executive council, of which 1 is chosen as government leader for the territorial government. To help administer the vast area, the NWT is divided into three districts: Keewatin, Mackenzie, and Franklin.
13 POLITICAL PARTIES Territorial legislators campaign as political independents.
14 LOCAL GOVERNMENT A village must have a total assessed value of c$10 million for the entire community to be incorporated; for a town, c$50 million; and for a city, more than c$200 million. Yellowknife is the sole city; there are also five town governments. Inuit residents in the eastern half of the NWT are currently working on establishing the self-governing region of Nunavut, which will gain autonomy in 1999 and will hold the same degree of political and economic sovereignty as the other territories.
15 JUDICIAL SYSTEM The Canadian Constitution grants territorial and provincial jurisdiction over the administration of justice, and allows each territory and province to organize its own court system and police forces. The federal government has exclusive domain over cases involving trade and commerce, banking, bankruptcy, and criminal law. The Federal Court of Canada has both trial and appellate divisions for federal cases. The 9-judge Supreme Court of Canada is an appellate court that determines the constitutionality of both federal and territorial statutes. The Tax Court of Canada hears appeals of taxpayers against assessments by Revenue Canada.
The annual number of homicides varies but usually ranges from two to ten. Because of the small population, the NWT often has the highest homicide rate in Canada. Breaking and entering offenses in 1989 numbered 1,313 per 100,000 people for businesses and 1,337 per 100,000 people for residences; both rates were the highest in Canada.
16 MIGRATION Some 20,000 to 30,000 years ago, the ancestors of the modern day Dene crossed a land bridge over the Bering Sea and dispersed throughout the Western Hemisphere. The Dene first migrated into what is now the NWT some 7,000 to 8,000 years ago. The Inuvialuit migrated into the NWT from Alaska in the 1800s, replacing the Mackenzie Inuit who were decimated by diseases introduced from migrant whalers.
In 1991, the NWT gained a net 59 residents from migration within Canada (4,341 people entered and 4,282 left). Of these migrants, Alberta was the province of origin for 31 percent of incoming residents and was the province of destination for 42 percent of departing NWT residents.
17 ECONOMY The Aboriginal Peoples' traditional subsistence activities--fishing, hunting, and trapping--have an impact on the territorial economy. Sports fishing and big-game hunting also play a small role. Commercial fishery development in the NWT--both freshwater and saltwater--is being encouraged. Fur harvesting continues to be very important, supplementing the income of many Aboriginal families.
Inuit arts and crafts distribute a greater amount of income more widely than any other economic activity; 1 in 14 people of working age in the NWT earns some income by this means.
The settling of northern land claims sets the stage for increased economic activity in which all can share and have a voice. But even if development is welcome and necessary for economic prosperity, it must be managed so as not to threaten the fragile arctic ecosystem and the traditional lifestyles of the northern peoples.
18 INCOME In 1992, the average full-time worker in the NWT earned $42,268 per year, the highest in Canada.
19 INDUSTRY Industry in the NWT centers on processing raw materials. Food products, wood, printing and publishing, nonmetallic mineral products, and chemical and chemical products are important manufacturing sectors. In 1990, the value of manufactured shipments for both the NWT and the Yukon was c$75.4 million.
20 LABOR As of 1992, territorial employment was 20,770 persons, down 1 percent from 1991. The service sector employed an estimated 17,262 people in 1992 (down 2 percent from 1991) and employment in the goods-producing sector was 3,508 (up 5 percent from 1991). The largest employer in the NWT is the federal government.
Yellowknife was the scene of a bitter and violent strike in May 1992. More than 200 miners who were members of the Canadian Association of Smelter and Allied Workers (CASAW) were locked out by Vancouver-owned Giant Gold Mine after refusing a new contract. A bomb explosion on 18 September 1992 killed nine workers, six of whom were union members who had crossed the picket line. The mine has continued to operate amid negotiations between CASAW and the newly formed rival Giant Mines Employees Association, comprised of current and former Giant Mine workers.
21 AGRICULTURE A brief but intense summer growing season (due to the midnight sun) limits local production of crops, of which seasonal berries and produce for home consumption are the most prominent. The territorial government is currently involved in a joint project with the University of Alberta to study the use of fiber optics to illuminate greenhouses with natural light on a year-round basis.
22 DOMESTICATED ANIMALS For centuries, the Inuit and other Indigenous Peoples have bred dogs as draft animals to carry packs and later to pull sleds. Before modern transportation was available, dog teams often served as the primary form of transportation during the winter months. Fur trapping is still practiced and is an important contributor to the economy.
23 FISHING The Dene and Inuvialuit once depended on subsistence fishing to sustain their families and dog teams. Today, sport fishing is a popular activity and is a source of income from tourism. Principal species sought include lake trout, arctic grayling, arctic char, northern pike, walleye, whitefish, and inconnu.
24 FORESTRY Although 151.8 million acres (61.4 million hectares)--or 58 percent--of the NWT is covered by forests, only 35.4 million acres (14.3 million hectares) of this land is useful for tree harvesting. The territorial government owns 83 percent of the forests and the federal government controls the remaining 17 percent.
25 MINING With mineral production valued at more than c$800 million, mining is by far the largest private sector of the NWT economy. In 1992, the total value of mineral production was c$482.9 million, with metals accounting for nearly all of this amount. Production in 1992 included 199,140 tons (180,708 metric tons) of zinc, 43,132 tons (39,140 metric tons) of lead, 51,479 pounds (23,357 kilograms) of silver, and 30,413 pounds (13,799 kilograms) of gold.
26 ENERGY AND POWER Oil and gas exploration and development are important to the territory's economy, but the industry is open to wide fluctuations in world markets. In 1991, crude oil and equivalent production totaled 69,074,184 cubic feet (1,956,000 cubic meters), valued at c$205 million. In 1991, electricity generated totaled 572 million kilowatt hours and consumption within the territory amounted to 532 million kilowatt hours.
27 COMMERCE Inuit arts and crafts account for a great amount of retail income in the NWT, spread out over a wide geographical area. About one in 14 persons of working age in the NWT earns some income through the sales of craft items. Services related to tourism have become increasingly important sources of income.
28 PUBLIC FINANCE The fiscal year runs from 1 April to 31 March. For fiscal year 1992/93, total revenues were c$1.2 billion, more than 80 percent coming from the government of Canada. Expenditures were also c$1.2 billion. Major expenditure areas were health, education, public works, social services, municipal and community services, NWT housing corporation, renewable resources, transportation, and economic development and tourism.
29 TAXATION The NWT has no provincial sales tax, but a 7 percent tax is charged on most goods and services sold or provided.
30 HEALTH In 1992 there were 1,554 live births in NWT, for a rate of 25 per 1,000 residents, the highest level in Canada. The death rate in 1992 was 4.3 per 1,000 residents, with 266 deaths occurring that year. Therapeutic abortions in NWT numbered 335 in 1990, for a rate of 24.3 per 1,000 females aged 15-44 (the highest rate in Canada) and a ratio of 21.1 per 100 live births. Reported cases of selected diseases in 1990 included gonococcal infections, 455; chicken pox, 361; giardiasis, 42; pertussis, 28; and salmonellosis, 28. There were no AIDS cases reported in 1990; in 1991, the total number of cases was 3.
Larger communities such as Yellowknife, Inuvik, Hay River, Fort Smith, and Iqaluit have well-equipped hospitals; smaller communities have nursing stations. Air ambulance (Medevac) service is available throughout the NWT and is coordinated by the local nursing stations. In the late 1980s, there were 4 general hospitals with 181 beds, and 14 pediatric, psychiatric, rehabilitation, and extended health care hospitals with 78 beds.
31 HOUSING As of October 1995, the average monthly rent for an apartment in Yellowknife ranged from c$648 for a studio apartment to c$1,240 for a three bedroom unit. Due to permafrost and a short construction season, the cost of building a house is more expensive in NWT than elsewhere in Canada. The Canadian Mortgage and Housing Association has estimated that a typical existing 1,200 square foot home costs c$206,575 in Yellowknife. As a result, many people live in mobile homes. In 1995, of all the Yellowknife housing units for sale listed below c$175,000, 63.4 percent were mobile homes, 28.8 percent were condominiums, 5.2 percent were bungalow houses, and 2.6 percent were other types.
32 EDUCATION All elementary and secondary schools in NWT are public; enrollment in 1990/91 was 14,079. The NWT has four education districts and nine boards of education. The Arctic College (with campuses in Yellowknife, Inuvik, Rankin Inlet, Cambridge Bay, Iqaluit, and Fort Smith) offers community college courses. Postsecondary community college enrollment in 1990/91 was 266, of which 255 were enrolled in career programs and 11 were in university transfer programs.
33 ARTS Nearly every community in the NWT has artisans who produce clothing, accessories, tools, weavings, beadwork, or carvings. Studios are often found in the more populous areas of Pangnirtung, Iqaluit, Cape Dorset, Baker Lake, Rankin Inlet, Holman, Inuvik, Fort Laird, and Yellowknife. Inuvik is the site of the mid-summer Great Northern Arts Festival, which draws artisans from throughout the territory.
34 LIBRARIES AND MUSEUMS The NWT Public Library Services, based in Hay River, coordinates public library service throughout the territory. Member libraries are located in Arviat, Baker Lake, Cambridge Bay, Clyde River, Coppermine, Fort Norman, Fort Simpson, Fort Smith, Hay River, Hay River Reserve, Igloolik, Inuvik, Iqaluit, Nanisivik, Norman Wells, Pangnirtung, Pond Inlet, Rankin Inlet, and Yellowknife. Museums in the NWT include the Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre in Yellowknife, the Northern Life Museum & National Exhibition Centre at Fort Smith, and the Nunatta Sunaqutangit Museum at Iqaluit.
35 COMMUNICATIONS Yellowknife has 3 radio stations (2 AM and 1 FM). CABL-TV is a cable television station based in Yellowknife; Mackenzie Media Ltd. provides cable service to the capital.
36 PRESS Periodicals and magazines published in the NWT include Above & Beyond, Arctic Circle, News/North, and Up Here.
37 TOURISM, TRAVEL, AND RECREATION Recently, tourism has become increasingly important. The NWT offers a variety of landscapes of great natural beauty, which are well-suited to fishing, wildlife observation, and other outdoor activities. The NWT has five national parks: Auyuittuq National Park, on Baffin Island north of Pangnirtung; Nahanni National Park Reserve, west of the Liard River in the Mackenzie Mountains; Wood Buffalo National Park, west of Fort Smith and extending into Alberta; Ellesmere National Park, on northern Ellesmere Island; and Aulavik National Park, on northern Banks Island.
38 SPORTS Local sporting organizations (for such sports as badminton, basketball, track and field, and volleyball) are popular in the territory, as are canoeing and kayaking.
39 FAMOUS PEOPLE Early English explorers who traveled the waterways of the NWT in search of a northwest passage included Sir Martin Frobisher (1539?-94) and Henry Hudson (d.1611). Famous early fur traders included Sir Alexander Mackenzie (b.Scotland, 1764-1820), who explored the Slave River and Great Slave Lake area, and American Peter Pond (1740-1807), who established the first trading post.
Nellie Joy Cournoyea (b.1940), from Aklavik, became the first woman head of government in Canada upon her 1991 election as government leader of the NWT. Ethel Blondin-Andrew (b.1951), from Fort Norman, became the first Native woman elected to the Canadian parliament in 1988. Actress Margot Kidder (b.1948) is a native of Yellowknife.
40 BIBLIOGRAPHY Bumsted, J. M. The Peoples of Canada. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
Daitch, Richard W. Northwest Territories. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications, 1996.
Hancock, Lyn. Discover Canada: Northwest Territories. Toronto: Grolier, 1993.
Hancock, Lyn. Nunavut. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications, 1995.
LeVert, Suzanne. Let's Discover Canada: Northwest Territories. New York: Chelsea House, 1992.
Sorensen, Lynda. Canada: Provinces and Territories. Vero Beach, Fla.: Rourke Book Co., 1995.
---------------------------------------------------------- Copyright (c) 1997, UXL